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Moussaoui came to the attention of the FBI while taking flight training classes in Minnesota in August 2001. Moussaoui had paid over $8 000 in cash for flight simulator lessons on a 747-400 which far exceeded his training level as a pilot. Moussaoui showed unusual interest in the instructor's comment that airplane cabin doors could not be opened during flight. In addition his flight instructor was concerned that Moussaoui expressed interest only in learning how to take off and land the 747-400. In preparation for high fidelity simulator training he expressed strong interest in "piloting" a simulated flight from London's Heathrow Airport to John F. Kennedy Airport in New York. When the instructor took his concerns to the FBI Moussaoui was interviewed by Special Agents from the FBI and the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service INS . He was determined to be an INS overstay and was detained by the INS on August 16 2001. Following his detention Moussaoui refused to allow a search to be conducted of his possessions to include a laptop computer and a computer disc. Attempts were made to obtain authority to conduct a search of this computer. However due to the lack of probable cause and lack of predication neither a criminal nor intelligence search could be conducted. Following the September 11 attack a criminal search of the computer was conducted. Nothing was located which connected Moussaoui with the events of September 11 however information about crop-dusting was located on the computer. As a result crop dusting operations in the United States were grounded briefly on two occasions in September 2001. On December 11 2001 the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia indicted Moussaoui on six counts of conspiracy for his role in the events of September #160 11 2001. #13 The second category of international terrorist threat is made up of formal terrorist organizations. These autonomous generally transnational groups have their own personnel infrastructures financial arrangements and training facilities. They are able to plan and mount terrorist campaigns on an international basis and several actively support terrorist-related activities in the United States. Extremist groups such as Palestinian Hamas the Irish Republican Army the Egyptian El-Gama Al-Islamiyya IG and Lebanese Hizballah have supporters in the United States though the activities of these U.S.-based cells revolve primarily around fund-raising recruiting and low-level intelligence gathering. #13 Hizballah is a formal organization that has carried out numerous anti-U.S. attacks overseas including the October 1983 vehicle bombing of the U.S. Marine Barracks in Lebanon. With the exception of the Al-Qaeda network Hizballah is responsible for the deaths of more Americans than any other terrorist group in the world. On June 21 2001 the United States indicted 14 subjects 13 Saudis and 1 Lebanese national for their suspected involvement in the June 1996 bombing of Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia. Nineteen U.S. airmen died in the blast Saudi Hizballah is suspected of carrying out the attack. To date Hizballah has never carried out a terrorist attack in the United States. #13 State sponsors of terrorism make up the third category of international terrorist threat. The primary state sponsors are Iran Iraq Sudan and Libya. These countries view terrorism as a tool of foreign policy. Syria which is also on the U.S. Department of State's list of state sponsors of terrorism has not been directly involved in conducting terrorist activity for a number of years but still provides a safe haven to international terrorist groups and loosely affiliated extremists. North Korea and Cuba also on the Department of State's list of state sponsors have significantly reduced their direct involvement with terrorism due in part to the rapidly diminishing capacity of their economies to support such activity. #13 In perhaps the most infamous case of state sponsored terrorism Libya is believed to be behind the December 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie Scotland which killed 270 people 259 people on the plane and 11 on the ground . On April 5 1999 the Libyan government turned over two former intelligence operatives Abd al Basit al-Megrahi and Lamin Kalifah Fhima to be tried in the Netherlands by a special Scottish court for the bombing. Several years earlier the FBI had placed al-Megrahi and Fhima on its Top Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list marking the only time that officers of a foreign government were placed on the list. On January 31 2001 the three-judge court convicted al-Megrahi of murder for his role in the bombing. Fhima was acquitted by the court and released. #13 Of the seven nations listed by the United States as state sponsors of terrorism Iran represents the greatest threat to the United States. Despite a moderation in its public anti-U.S. rhetoric since the 1997 election of Mohammed Khatemi as president the government of Iran which is controlled by conservative clerics opposed to Khatemi continues to target dissidents and support anti-western terrorism both financially and logistically. #13 Weapons of Mass Destruction WMD #13 The trend toward high-profile high-impact attacks comes at a time when interest is growing among domestic and international extremists in weapons of mass destruction WMD . A series of anthrax-related cases and threats occurring since September 2001 provide a glimpse into emerging terrorist scenarios of the 21st century. #13 A series of bioterrorism incidents using b. anthracis spores sent through the mail have resulted in 22 anthrax cases and five deaths since October 3 2001. The initial anthrax cases occurred among persons with known or suspected contact with opened letters contaminated with b. anthracis spores. Later investigations identified four confirmed cases and one suspected case among postal workers who had no known contact with contaminated opened letters. This suggests that sealed envelopes contaminated with anthrax passing through the postal system may be the source of these exposures. The number of contaminated envelopes passing through the postal system is under investigation. #13 Leads continue to be investigated however no suspect has been identified. On November 9 2001 the FBI issued a behavioral/linguistic assessment of the offender based on the known anthrax parcels. As stated in this assessment the offender is believed to be an adult male who has access to a source of anthrax and possesses the knowledge and expertise to refine it. The FBI heads a multi-agency effort to identify the perpetrator of these deadly attacks. #13 Since October 2001 the FBI has responded to over 8 000 reports of use or threatened use of anthrax or other hazardous materials. The current rash of anthrax threats represents a large spike in a trend of increased WMD cases that began in the mid-1990s. During the past four years there has been a very limited number of cases in the United States that actually involved use or threatened use of ricin. There had been no criminal cases involving actual use of anthrax in the United States prior to October 2001. To date no evidence definitely links Al-Qaeda or any other terrorist organization to these cases. #13 Cyber / National Infrastructure #13 During the past several years the FBI had identified a wide array of cyber threats ranging from defacement of web sites by juveniles to sophisticated intrusions sponsored by foreign powers. Some of these incidents pose more significant threats than others. The theft of national security information from a government agency or the interruption of electrical power to a major metropolitan area obviously would have greater consequences for national security public safety and the economy than the defacement of a web-site. But even the less serious categories have real consequences and ultimately can undermine public confidence in web-based commerce E-commerce and violate privacy or property rights. An attack or "hack" on a web site that closes down an e-commerce site can have disastrous consequences for a web-based business. An intrusion that results in the theft of millions of credit card numbers from an online vendor can result in significant financial loss and more broadly reduce consumers' willingness to engage in e-commerce. #13 Beyond criminal threats cyber space also faces a variety of significant national security threats including increasing threats from terrorists. #13 Terrorist groups are increasingly using new information technology and the Internet to formulate plans raise funds spread propaganda and engage in secure communications. Cyberterrorism- #8211 meaning the use of cyber tools to shut down critical national infrastructures such as energy transportation or government operations for the purpose of coercing or intimidating a government or civilian population #8211 -is clearly an emerging threat. #13 On January 16 2002 the FBI disseminated an advisory via the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System regarding possible attempts by terrorists to use U.S. municipal and state web sites to obtain information on local energy infrastructures water reservoirs dams highly enriched uranium storage sites and nuclear and gas facilities. Although the FBI possesses no specific threat information regarding these apparent intrusions these types of activities on the part of terrorists pose serious challenges to our national security. #13 The FBI Response to Terrorism #13 The FBI has developed a strong response to the threats posed by domestic and international terrorism. Between fiscal years 1993 and 2003 the number of Special Agents dedicated to the FBI's counterterrorism programs grew by approximately 224 percent to 1 669 nearly 16 percent of all FBI special agents . In recent years the FBI has strengthened its counterterrorism program to enhance its abilities to carry out these objectives. #13 The FBI Counterterrorism Center #13 As you are aware congressional appropriations have helped strengthen and expand the FBI's counterterrorism capabilities. To enhance its mission the FBI centralized many specialized operational and analytical functions in the FBI Counterterrorism Center. #13 Established in 1996 the FBI Counterterrorism Center combats terrorism on three fronts international terrorism operations both within the United States and in support of extraterritorial investigations domestic terrorism operations and countermeasures relating to both international and domestic terrorism. #13 Eighteen federal agencies maintain a regular presence in the center and participate in its daily operations. These agencies include the Central Intelligence Agency the Secret Service and the Department of State among others. This multi-agency arrangement provides an unprecedented opportunity for information sharing warning and real-time intelligence analysis. #13 Interagency Cooperation #13 This sense of cooperation also has led to other important changes. During the past several years the FBI and CIA have developed a closer working relationship that has strengthened the ability of each agency to respond to terrorist threats and has improved the ability of the U.S. government to respond to terrorist attacks that do occur. #13 An element of this cooperation is an ongoing exchange of personnel between the two agencies. Included among the CIA employees detailed to the FBI's Counterterrorism division is a veteran CIA case officer who serves as the Deputy Section Chief for International Terrorism. Likewise FBI agents are detailed to the CIA and a veteran special agent serves in a comparable position in the CIA's Counterterrorist center. #13 The National Infrastructure Protection Center #13 Created in 1998 the National Infrastructure Protection Center NIPC is an interagency center housed at FBI headquarters that serves as the focal point for the government's effort to warn of and respond to cyber intrusions both domestic and international. NIPC programs have been established in each of the FBI's 56 field offices. #13 The FBI Laboratory #13 The FBI Laboratory division has developed a robust response capability to support counterterrorism investigations worldwide. The FBI's mobile crime laboratory provides the capability to collect and analyze a range of physical evidence on-scene and has been deployed at major crime scenes including the World Trade Center bombing Khobar Towers and the East African Embassy bombings. The mobile crime laboratory contains analytical instrumentation for rapid screening and triage of explosives and other trace evidence recovered at crime scenes. #13 The Laboratory also provides the capacity to rapidly respond to criminal acts involving the use of chemical or biological agents with the mobile self-contained Fly Away Laboratory FAL . The FAL consists of twelve suites of analytical instrumentation supported by an array of equipment which allows for safe collection of hazardous materials sample preparation storage and analysis in a field setting. The major objectives of the mobile crime laboratory and the FAL are to enhance the safety of deployed personnel generate leads through rapid analysis and screening and to preserve evidence for further examination at the FBI Laboratory. In addition the Laboratory has developed agreements with several other federal agencies for rapid and effective analysis of chemical biological and radiological materials. One partnership the Laboratory Response Network is supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Association of Public Health Laboratories for the analysis of biological agents. #13 Threat Warning #13 Because warning is critical to the prevention of terrorist acts the FBI also has expanded the terrorist threat warning system first implemented in 1989. The system now reaches all aspects of the law enforcement and intelligence communities. Currently sixty federal agencies and their subcomponents receive information via secure teletype through this system. The messages also are transmitted to all 56 FBI field offices and 44 Legats. #13 If threat information requires nationwide unclassified dissemination to all federal state and local law enforcement agencies the FBI transmits messages via the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System. In addition the FBI disseminates threat information to security managers of thousands of U.S. commercial interests around the country through the Awareness of National Security Issues and Response ANSIR program. If warranted the expanded NTWS also enables the FBI to communicate threat information directly to the American people. #13 On September 11 the FBI issued a nationwide terrorist threat advisory via the National Threat Warning System this advisory is in place through March 11 2002 unless extended by the FBI. Since the terrorist attack of September 11 the FBI has disseminated 37 warnings via the NTWS. The FBI also has issued over 40 be on the lookout BOLO alerts via the NLETS system. BOLO alerts provide the names of individuals who are of investigative interest to the FBI. #13 Through a 24-hour watch and other initiatives the NIPC also has developed processes to ensure that it receives relevant information in real-time or near-real-time from all relevant sources including the U.S. intelligence community FBI criminal investigations other federal agencies the private sector emerging intrusion detection systems and open sources. This information is quickly evaluated to determine if a broad-scale attack is imminent or underway. If a chemical biological nuclear or radiological material is threatened the FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Operations Unit WMDOU conducts an interagency assessment to determine the credibility of the threat utilizing subject matter experts and federal agencies with relevant authorities. Based on the credibility of the threat the WMDOU will coordinate the appropriate response by federal assets. As a result of this analysis the FBI can issue warnings using an array of mechanisms and disseminate warnings to appropriate entities in the U.S. government and the private sector so that they can take immediate protective steps. #13 The Future #13 I would like to conclude by talking briefly about steps we can take to further strengthen our abilities to prevent and investigate terrorist activity. #13 Encryption #13 One of the most important of these steps involves the FBI's encryption initiative. Communication is central to any collaborative effort including criminal conspiracies. Like most criminals terrorists are naturally reluctant to put the details of their plots down on paper. Thus they generally depend on oral or electronic communication to formulate the details of their terrorist activities. #13 Although the FBI and the law enforcement community at large fully supports the development and use of innovative technologies to ensure that the United States remains competitive in today's global market we remain extremely concerned about the serious public safety threat posed by the proliferation and misuse of technologies that prevent law enforcement from gaining access to the plaintext of terrorist and/or serious criminal-related evidence obtained through either court-authorized electronic surveillance or the search and seizure of digital evidence. #13 The use of commercially available non-recoverable encryption products by individuals engaged in terrorist and other serious criminal activity can effectively prevent law enforcement access to this critical evidence. Law enforcement's inability to gain access to the plaintext of encrypted communications and/or computer evidence in a timely manner seriously impairs our ability to successfully prevent and prosecute terrorist and/or other serious criminal acts. #13 This significant challenge to effective law enforcement poses grave and serious public safety consequences. Unless the FBI enhances its ability for gathering and processing computer data obtained through electronic surveillance search and seizure of computer evidence and its ability to gain access to the plain text of encrypted evidence investigators and prosecutors will be denied timely access to valuable evidence that could be used to prevent and solve terrorist and other serious criminal acts. #13 Joint Terrorism Task Forces #13 Cooperation among law enforcement agencies at all levels represents an important component of a comprehensive response to terrorism. This cooperation assumes its most tangible operational form in the Joint Terrorism Task Forces that are authorized in 44 cities across the nation. These task forces are particularly well-suited to responding to terrorism because they combine the national and international investigative resources of the FBI with the street-level expertise of local law enforcement agencies. This cop-to-cop cooperation has proven highly successful in preventing several potential terrorist attacks. Perhaps the most notable cases have come from New York City where the city's Joint Terrorism Task Force has been instrumental in thwarting two high-profile international terrorism plots the series of bombings planned by Shaykh Rahman in 1993 and the attempted bombing of the New York City subway in 1997. #13 Not only were these plots prevented but today the conspirators who planned them sit in federal prisons thanks in large part to the comprehensive investigative work performed by the Joint Terrorism Task Force. #13 Given the success of the Joint Terrorism Task Force concept the FBI has established 15 new JTTFs since the end of 1999. By the end of 2002 the FBI plans to have established or authorized JTTFs in each of its 56 field divisions. By integrating the investigative abilities of the FBI and local law enforcement agencies these task forces represent an effective response to the threats posed to U.S. communities by domestic and international terrorists. #13 Expansion of FBI Legats #13 The FBI's counterterrorism capabilities also have been enhanced by the expansion of our Legat offices around the world. These small offices can have a significant impact on the FBI's ability to track terrorist threats and bring investigative resources to bear on cases where quick response is critical. As I've mentioned the FBI currently operates 44 such Legat offices. Many of these have opened within the past five years in areas of the world where identifiable threats to our national interests exist. We cannot escape the disquieting reality that in the 21st century crime and terrorism are carried out on an international scale. The law enforcement response must match the threat. By expanding our first line of defense we improve the ability of the United States to prevent attacks and respond quickly to those that do occur. Given the nature of the evolving terrorist threat and the destructive capabilities now available to terrorists the American people deserve nothing less. The expansion of the number of FBI Legal Attache offices Legats around the world has enhanced the ability of the FBI to prevent respond to and investigate terrorist acts committed by international terrorists against U.S. interests worldwide. As evidenced by developments in the Embassy Bombing cases in East Africa the ability to bring investigative resources to bear quickly in the aftermath of a terrorist act can have significant impact on our ability to identify those responsible. I encourage Congress to support our efforts to counter the international terrorist threat by continuing to support expansion of our Legat program. #13 Results #13 Improved analysis and operational capabilities combined with increased cooperation and integration have enhanced the FBI's ability to investigate and prevent acts of terrorism. Dozens of domestic extremists have been indicted and prosecuted during the past ten years. Among these are Timothy McVeigh who carried out the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City in 1995. McVeigh was executed in June 2001 for perpetrating the worst act of domestic terrorism ever conducted in the United States. More recently on January 25 2002 anti-abortion extremist Clayton Lee Waagner was given a combined sentence of over 30 years in prison for various theft and firearms violations. Waagner is also suspected of sending over 250 hoax anthrax letters to reproductive services clinics in October and November 2001. #13 During the past ten years more than 60 subjects associated with international terrorism have been prosecuted in the United States. These include Ramzi Yousef operational mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and a plot to bomb U.S. airliners transiting the far east convicted in May 1997 Tsutomu Shirosaki Japanese Red Army member who fired rockets at the U.S. Embassy compound in Jakarta Indonesia in 1986 convicted in November 1997 and Gazi-Abu Mezer and Lafi Khalil extremists who in 1997 nearly carried out a plan to bomb the New York City subway system convicted in July 1998 . Yousef and Shirosaki were among the 16 fugitives indicted for terrorist-related activities that have been rendered to the United States from overseas since 1987. The 1997 plot to bomb the New York subway was narrowly averted by the FBI/New York City Police Department Joint Terrorism Task Force. #13 On October 18 2001 four Al-Qaeda members received life sentences for their roles in a conspiracy to kill Americans which resulted in the August 1998 embassy bombings in East Africa. Mohamed Rashed Daoud al-Owhali Khalfan Khamis Mohamed Wadih el-Hage and Mohamed Sadeek Odeh were convicted earlier in 2001 in the Southern District of New York SDNY on a variety of charges related to the embassies bombing plot. Two other subjects in this case are awaiting trial in the SDNY. #13 In December 1999 the coordinated efforts of the FBI and other law enforcement/intelligence agencies were instrumental in responding to the millennium threat exposed when Ahmed Ressam was apprehended attempting to smuggle explosives across the U.S.-Canadian border near Seattle. On April 6 2001 after a three-week trial in Los Angeles Ressam was found guilty on all counts brought against him. On March 7 2001 Abdelghani Meskini another individual suspected of involvement in the plot to bomb the Los Angeles airport had pled guilty in the Southern District of New York to charges of providing material support to Ressam. On July 13 2001 a third suspect subject Mokhtar Haouari was convicted of charges related to the plot. In January of this year Haouari was sentenced to 24 years in prison for his role in supporting Ressam's plot to carry out terrorist activity in the United States. One indicted subject Abdelmajid Dahoumane is in Algerian custody. #13 In addition numerous individuals have been indicted for their involvement in terrorist activities and are currently being sought by the FBI. Usama Bin Laden and 15 other subjects stand indicted for their roles in Al-Qaeda and the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in East Africa. Three additional subjects are in custody in the United Kingdom but are expected to be extradited soon to stand trial in the SDNY. #13 In October 2001 the FBI established the Most Wanted Terrorists program to focus expanded attention on indicted terrorist suspects. Usama Bin Laden was among the first 22 names placed on this list. In June 1998 Bin Laden had been named to the FBI's Top Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. #13 Conclusion #13 Despite the current focus on international terrorism it is important to remain cognizant of the full range of threats that confront the United States. These threats continue to include domestic and international terrorists. While the majority of attacks perpetrated by domestic terrorists have produced low casualty figures the 169 lives claimed in the Oklahoma City bombing and the potential very heavy loss of lives that could have resulted from various thwarted plots demonstrate the interest among some domestic extremists in inflicting mass casualties. #13 On September 11 2001 the scope and sophistication of the international radical jihad movement was demonstrated with horrendous clarity when 19 hijackers commandeered four commercial airliners crashing two of them into the World Trade Center one into the Pentagon and the other into a remote field in Pennsylvania. This attack resulted in more casualties than any other terrorist act ever recorded. #13 Even as the Al-Qaeda command structure in Afghanistan is destroyed Al-Qaeda cells in countries around the world will continue to pose a threat to U.S. and other western interests. The plotters who carried out the September 11 2001 attack maintained a low profile and appeared to actively avoid coming to the attention of law enforcement agencies. Such operational discipline underscores the challenge to U.S. law enforcement agencies in uncovering and disrupting Al-Qaeda cells in the United States. Although the public mind often groups international terrorists into a standard stereotype such a view fails to accommodate subtle but important differences in goals and tactics among different extremist movements. For example the low-level operational scope of 17 November assassinations small-scale bombings centered primarily in Athens reflects the limited ethnocentric strategic goal of the organization a nationalist Greek state . By contrast the high-impact transnational operational focus of Al-Qaeda and other groups associated with the international radical jihad movement clearly underscores a strategic goal to confront the United States and other western interests with high-casualty attacks on a global scale. Despite the military setbacks suffered by Al-Qaeda extremists adhering to the international jihad movement will continue to focus on attacks that yield significant destruction and high casualties thus maximizing worldwide media attention and public anxiety. It also appears likely that as governments "harden" or make more secure official targets such as embassies and international schools these terrorists will increasingly seek out more vulnerable "softer" targets such as high-profile offices of multinational firms and Americans traveling and working abroad. #13 Terrorism represents a continuing threat to the United States and a formidable challenge to the FBI. In response to this threat the FBI has developed a broad-based counterterrorism program based on robust investigations to disrupt terrorist activities interagency cooperation and effective warning. While this approach has yielded many successes the dynamic nature of the terrorist threat demands that our capabilities continually be refined and adapted to continue to provide the most effective response. Recent Testimonies 06.22.11 Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Efforts Gordon M. Snow Assistant Director Cyber Division Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the Senate Judiciary Committee Washington D.C. 06.20.11 Information Sharing Efforts with Partners Span Many FBI Programs Richard A. McFeely Special Agent in Charge Baltimore Office Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the Senate Judiciary Committee Wilmington Delaware 06.08.11 Hearing on President's Request to Extend FBI Director's Term Robert S. Mueller III Director Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the Senate Judiciary Committee Washington DC 04.12.11 Cybersecurity Responding to the Threat of Cyber Crime and Terrorism Gordon M. Snow Assistant Director Cyber Division Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism Washington D.C. 04.07.11 FBI Budget for Fiscal Year 2012 Robert S. Mueller III Director Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce Justice Science and Related Agencies Washington D.C. 04.06.11 FBI Budget for Fiscal Year 2012 Robert S. Mueller III Director Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce Justice Science and Related Agencies Washington D.C. 03.30.11 Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Robert S. Mueller III Director Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the Senate Judiciary Committee Washington D.C. 03.16.11 Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Robert S. Mueller III Director Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the House Judiciary Committee Washington D.C. 03.02.11 Helping Law Enforcement Find Missing Children Kevin L. Perkins Assistant Director Criminal Investigative Division Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the Senate Judiciary Committee Washington D.C. 02.17.11 Going Dark Lawful Electronic Surveillance in the Face of New Technologies Valerie Caproni General Counsel Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the House Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Crime Terrorism and Homeland Security Washington D.C. More #160 Contact Us About Us Most Wanted News Stats amp Services Scams amp Safety Jobs Fun amp Games Resources for Law Enforcement Intel Partners Researchers/Students Communities Parents Victims Businesses Follow Us On Facebook You Tube Twitter iTunes Accessibility eRulemaking Freedom of Information Act Legal Notices Legal Policies and Disclaimers Links Privacy Policy USA.gov White House FBI.gov is an official site of the U.S. Federal Government U.S. Department of Justice A list of international terrorist organizations considered by the U.S. State Department to be active during the last five years. AFGHANISTAN NAME al Qaeda DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Established by Osama bin Laden in the late 1980s. GOALS Establish a pan-Islamic Caliphate throughout the world by working with allied Islamic extremist groups to overthrow regimes it deems quot non-Islamic quot and expelling Westerners and non-Muslims from Muslim countries. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Is suspected of involvement in the October 2000 bombing of the USS Cole in Aden Yemen. Conducted the bombings in August 1998 of the U.S. embassies in Nairobi Kenya and Dar es Salaam Tanzania that killed at least 301 persons and injured more than 5 000 others. Claims to have shot down U.S. helicopters and killed U.S. servicemen in Somalia in 1993 and to have conducted three bombings that targeted U.S. troops in Aden Yemen in December 1992. STRENGTH May have several hundred to several thousand members. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Al Qaeda has a worldwide reach with cells in a number of countries and benefits from its ties to Sunni extremist networks. Bin Laden and his top associates reside in Afghanistan and the group maintains terrorist training camps there. AFFILIATIONS Serves as the umbrella organization for a worldwide network that includes many Sunni Islamic extremist groups such as Egyptian Islamic Jihad some members of al-Gama'at al-Islamiyya the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and the Harakat ul-Mujahidin. COMMENTS Bin Laden is the son of a wealthy Saudi family and uses his inheritance to finance the group. Al Qaeda also operates moneymaking front organizations solicits donations and illicitly siphons funds from donations to Muslim charitable organizations. ALGERIA NAME Armed Islamic Group GIA DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1992. GOALS GIA aims to overthrow the secular Algerian regime and replace it with an Islamic state. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Unknown probably several hundred to several thousand. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Algeria. AFFILIATIONS Algerian expatriates and members of the Salafi Group for Call and Combat GSPC splinter group abroad many of whom reside in Western Europe provide financial and logistic support. In addition the Algerian government has accused Iran and Sudan of supporting Algerian extremists. COMMENTS The GSPC splinter faction appears to have eclipsed the GIA since approximately 1998 and is currently assessed to be the most effective remaining armed group inside Algeria. A U.S. Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME The Salafist Group for Call and Combat GSPC DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1996. GOALS Overthrow the Algerian government and impose fundamentalist Islamic theocracy. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Unknown. STRENGTH Unknown suspected to be several hundred to several thousand. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Algeria. AFFILIATIONS Algerian expatriates and GSPC members living abroad. The Algerian government has accused Iran and Sudan of supporting Algerian extremists. The GSPC may also receive support from the Armed Islamic Group GIA network in Europe Africa and the Middle East. Some GSPC members in Europe are suspected of having ties with other North African extremists sympathetic to al Qaeda. COMMENTS GSPC is a splinter group of the GIA and has gained popular support through its pledge not to attack civilians inside Algeria although it has not kept the pledge . It was designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO on March 27 2002. CAMBODIA NAME Khmer Rouge/The Party of Democratic Kampuchea DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1970s GOALS Overthrow the Cambodian government. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None STRENGTH Fewer than 500 possibly no more than 100. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Outlying provinces in Cambodia particularly in the northwest along the border with Thailand. AFFILIATIONS None. COMMENTS The group was a Communist insurgency that conducted a campaign of genocide killing more than 1 million in the late 1970s. Disintegrated due to defections in the late 1990s. CHILE NAME Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front FPMR DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1983. GOALS Carry out missions of the Chilean Communist Party as its armed wing. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Attacks civilians and international targets including U.S. businesses and Mormon churches. Bombed two restaurants in the U.S. in 1993. STRENGTH 50 to 100. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Chile United States. AFFILIATIONS None. COLOMBIA NAME National Liberation Army ELN #8212 Colombia DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1965. GOALS Replacing the current government with a Marxist regime. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Conducted a campaign of mass kidnappings during the late 1990s each of which involved at least one U.S. citizen. STRENGTH Approximately 3 000 to 6 000 armed combatants and an unknown number of active supporters. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Rural and mountainous areas of north northeast and southwest Colombia and Venezuela border regions. AFFILIATIONS Cuba provides some medical care and political consultation. COMMENTS Marxist insurgent group formed by urban intellectuals inspired by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia FARC DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1964. GOALS Replacing the current government with a Marxist regime. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE In March 1999 the FARC executed three U.S. Indian rights activists in Venezuela after it kidnapped them in Colombia. STRENGTH Approximately 9 000 to 12 000 armed combatants and an unknown number of supporters mostly in rural areas. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Colombia with some activities #8212 extortion kidnapping logistics #8212 in Venezuela Panama and Ecuador. AFFILIATIONS Cuba provides some medical care and political consultation. COMMENTS Established as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party. FARC continues peace negotiations with the Pastrana administration which has granted the group several concessions including a demilitarized zone used as a venue for negotiations. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME United Self-Defense Forces/Group of Colombia AUC-Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1997. GOALS Claims its primary objective is to protect its sponsors from insurgents. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE The paramilitaries have not taken action against U.S. personnel. STRENGTH In early 2001 the government estimated there were 8 000 paramilitary fighters including former military and insurgent personnel. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS AUC forces are strongest in the north and northwest Antioquia Cordoba Sucre Bolivar Atlantico and Magdalena Departments of Colombia. AFFILIATIONS None outside Colombia. The AUC is supported by economic elites drug traffickers and local communities lacking effective government security. COMMENTS The AUC #8212 commonly referred to as autodefensas or paramilitaries #8212 is an umbrella organization formed in April 1997 to consolidate most local and regional paramilitary groups each with the mission to protect economic interests and combat insurgents locally. Listed as quot active quot during 2000 it was designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO on October 5 2001. EGYPT NAME Al-Jihad a.k.a. Egyptian Islamic Jihad Jihad Group Islamic Jihad DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Late 1970s. GOALS Overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state attack U.S. and Israeli interests in Egypt and abroad. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Car-bombing against official U.S. facilities. STRENGTH Unknown suspected to be several hundred. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Mainly Cairo but has a network outside Egypt including Yemen Afghanistan Pakistan Sudan Lebanon and the United Kingdom. AFFILIATIONS Close partner of Osama Bin Laden's al Qaeda Iran. May get some funds via various Islamic non-governmental organizations cover businesses and criminal acts. COMMENTS The original Jihad was responsible for the 1981 assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. NAME Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya Islamic Group IG DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Late 1970s. GOALS The IG's primary goal is to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state but certain group leaders also may be interested in attacking U.S. and Israeli interests. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE The IG has never specifically attacked a U.S. citizen or facility but has threatened U.S. interests. STRENGTH Unknown. At its peak the IG probably commanded several thousand hard-core members and a like number of sympathizers. The 1998 cease-fire and security crackdowns following the attack on tourists in Luxor in 1997 probably have resulted in a substantial decrease in the group's numbers. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Operates mainly in the Al-Minya Asyu't Qina and Sohaj Governorates of southern Egypt. Also appears to have support in Cairo Alexandria and other urban locations particularly among unemployed graduates and students. Has a worldwide presence including Sudan the United Kingdom Afghanistan Austria and Yemen. AFFILIATIONS Unknown. The Egyptian government believes that Iran bin Laden and Afghan militant groups support the organization. Also may obtain some funding through various Islamic non-governmental organizations. COMMENTS Al-Gama'a claims responsibility for the attempt in June 1995 to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. The group's spiritual leader Shaykh Umar Abd al-Rahman is incarcerated in the United States. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. GEORGIA NAME Zviadists DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1991. GOALS Extremist supporters of deceased former Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Overthrow Gamsakhurdia's successor Eduard Shevardnadze's rule. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Unknown. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Georgia especially Mingrelia and Russia. AFFILIATIONS Unknown. COMMENTS Some now operate anti-Shevardnadze activities from Russia. GREECE NAME Revolutionary Nuclei RN a.k.a. Revolutionary Cell s DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1995. GOALS Believed to be the successor group to the Revolutionary People’s Struggle ELA RN is a leftist group with an anti-establishment anti-U.S. anti-NATO and anti-EU agenda. The ELA which sought to oppose “imperialist domination exploitation and oppression ” has not been active since 1995. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE In November 2000 RN bombed the Citigroup offices in Athens and the studio of a Greek/American sculptor. In December 1999 the group detonated explosives outside the Athens offices of Texaco. STRENGTH Unknown. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Mainly the Athens metropolitan area in Greece. AFFILIATIONS Unknown. COMMENTS RN was designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO on March 27 2002. NAME Revolutionary Organization 17 November 17 November DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1975. GOALS A radical leftist group 17 November is described as Anti-Greek establishment anti-United States anti-Turkey anti-NATO and committed to the ouster of U.S. bases removal of Turkish military presence from Cyprus and severing of Greece's ties to NATO and the European Union EU . MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Initial attacks were assassinations of senior U.S. officials and Greek public figures. STRENGTH Unknown but presumed to be small. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Athens Greece. AFFILIATIONS Unknown. COMMENTS Added bombings in 1980s. Since 1990 has expanded targets to include EU facilities and foreign firms investing in Greece and has added improvised rocket attacks to its methods. Most recent attack claimed was the murder in June 2000 of British Defense Attaché Stephen Saunders. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Revolutionary People's Struggle ELA DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1971. GOALS To oppose quot imperialist domination exploitation and oppression. quot MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Since 1974 has conducted bombings against Greek government and economic targets as well as U.S. military and business facilities. STRENGTH Unknown. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Greece. AFFILIATIONS Received weapons and other assistance from international terrorist Carlos during 1980s. Currently no known foreign sponsors. Greek police believe they have established links between ELA and Revolutionary Organization 17 November. COMMENTS An extreme leftist group the ELA is self-described as revolutionary anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist. Strongly anti-U.S. and seeks the removal of U.S. military forces from Greece. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. HONDURAS NAME Morzanist Patriotic Front FPM DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Late 1980s GOALS Protest U.S. intervention in Honduran economic and political affairs. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Mainly operates attacks on U.S. military personnel in Honduras. Bus bombing in 1990 wounded seven U.S. servicemen and one in 1989 wounded three servicemen. Attacked U.S. convoy in 1989. Grenade attack in La Ceiba in 1989 wounded seven U.S. soldiers. Claimed bombing of Peace Corps office in 1988. STRENGTH Unknown probably relatively small. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Honduras AFFILIATIONS Had ties to former government of Nicaragua and possibly Cuba. INDIA NAME Al-Ummah DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1992. GOALS Unknown. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Unknown. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Southern India. AFFILIATIONS Unknown. COMMENTS Radical Indian Muslim group believed responsible for the Coimbatore bombings in Southern India in 1998. IRAQ NAME Abu Nidal organization ANO a.k.a. Fatah Revolutionary Council Arab Revolutionary Brigades Black September and Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims. DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Split from the PLO in 1974. GOALS Establishment of a Palestinian State. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Targets include the United States the United Kingdom France Israel moderate Palestinians the PLO and various Arab countries. Has not attacked Western targets since the late 1980s. STRENGTH A few hundred plus limited overseas support structure. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Its leader Sabri Al-Banna relocated to Iraq in December 1998 where the group maintains a presence. Has an operational presence in Lebanon including in several Palestinian refugee camps. Authorities shut down the ANO's operations in Libya and Egypt in 1999. Has demonstrated ability to operate over wide area including the Middle East Asia and Europe. Has carried out terrorist attacks in 20 countries killing or injuring almost 900 persons. AFFILIATIONS Has received considerable support including safe haven training logistic assistance and financial aid from Iraq Libya and Syria until 1987 in addition to close support for selected operations. COMMENTS Financial problems and internal disorganization have reduced the group's activities and capabilities. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization MEK or MKO a.k.a. The National Liberation Army of Iran NLA the militant wing of the MEK the People's Mujahidin of Iran PMOI National Council of Resistance NCR Muslim Iranian Student's Society front organization used to garner financial support . DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1960s. GOALS The MEK continues to conduct a worldwide campaign against the Iranian government which stresses propaganda and occasionally uses terrorist violence. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE During the 1970s the MEK staged terrorist attacks inside Iran and killed several U.S. military personnel and civilians working on defense projects in Tehran. Supported the takeover in 1979 of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. STRENGTH Several thousand fighters based in Iraq with an extensive overseas support structure. Most of the fighters are organized in the MEK's National Liberation Army NLA . OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS In the 1980s the MEK's leaders were forced by Iranian security forces to flee to France. Most resettled in Iraq by 1987. In the mid-1980s the group did not mount terrorist operations in Iran at a level similar to its activities in the 1970s. In the 1990s however the MEK claimed credit for an increasing number of operations in Iran. AFFILIATIONS Beyond support from Iraq the MEK uses front organizations to solicit contributions from expatriate Iranian communities. COMMENTS Formed by the college-educated children of Iranian merchants the MEK sought to counter what it perceived as excessive Western influence in the Shah's regime. Following a philosophy that mixes Marxism and Islam the MEK has developed into the largest and most active armed Iranian dissident group. Its history is studded with anti-Western activity and most recently attacks on the interests of the clerical regime in Iran and abroad. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Palestine Liberation Front PLF DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Broke away from the PFLP-GC in mid-1970s. GOALS Creation of a Palestinian state. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE The Abu Abbas-led faction was responsible for the attack in 1985 on the cruise ship Achille Lauro and the murder of U.S. citizen Leon Klinghoffer. STRENGTH Unknown. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Based in Tunisia until Achille Lauro attack it is now based in Iraq. AFFILIATIONS Receives support mainly from Iraq. Has received support from Libya in the past. COMMENTS After its initial break with the PFLP-GC split again into pro-PLO pro-Syrian and pro-Libyan factions. Pro-PLO faction is led by Muhammad Abbas Abu Abbas who became member of PLO Executive Committee in 1984 but left it in 1991. A warrant for Abu Abbas's arrest is outstanding in Italy. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. ISRAEL NAME Kach and Kahane Chai DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Both organizations were declared to be terrorist organizations in March 1994 by the Israeli Cabinet under the 1948 Terrorism Law. GOALS Stated goal is to restore the biblical state of Israel. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Unknown. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Israel and West Bank settlements particularly Qiryat Arba' in Hebron. AFFILIATIONS Receives support from sympathizers in the United States and Europe. COMMENTS Kach was founded by radical Israeli-American rabbi Meir Kahane while its offshoot Kahane Chai which means quot Kahane Lives quot was founded by Meir Kahane's son Binyamin following his father's assassination in the United States. They have threatened to attack Arabs Palestinians and Israeli government officials. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. JAPAN NAME Aum Supreme Truth Aum a.k.a. Aum Shinrikyo Aleph DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1987. GOALS To take over Japan and then the world. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH The Aum's current membership is estimated at 1 500 to 2 000 persons. At the time of the 1995 Tokyo subway attack the group claimed to have 9 000 members in Japan and up to 40 000 worldwide. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS The Aum's principal membership is located only in Japan but a residual branch comprising an unknown number of followers has surfaced in Russia. AFFILIATIONS None. COMMENTS A cult established by Shoko Asahara the Aum is responsible for the March 20 1995 sarin nerve gas attacks on several Tokyo subway trains that killed 12 persons and injured up to 6 000. In 2000 Fumihiro Joyu took control of the Aum following his three-year jail sentence for perjury. Joyu was previously the group's spokesman and Russia Branch leader. Under Joyu's leadership the Aum changed its name to Aleph and claims to have rejected the violent and apocalyptic teachings of its founde r. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Chukaku-Ha Nucleus or Middle Core Faction DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1957. GOALS Protest Japan's imperial system Western imperialism and events such as the Gulf War and the expansion of Tokyo's Narita Airport. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH 3 500. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Japan. AFFILIATIONS None. COMMENTS Largest domestic militant group has small covert action wing called Kansai Revolutionary Army. NAME Japanese Red Army JRA a.k.a. Anti-Imperialist International Brigade AIIB DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Around 1970. GOALS To overthrow the Japanese government and monarchy and to help foment world revolution. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE In 1972 the JRA attempted a takeover of the U.S. Embassy in Kuala Lumpur. In April 1988 JRA operative Yu Kikumura was arrested with explosives on the New Jersey Turnpike apparently planning an attack to coincide with the bombing of a USO club in Naples a suspected JRA operation that killed five including a U.S. servicewoman. STRENGTH About six hard-core members undetermined number of sympathizers. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS The JRA has carried out a series of attacks around the world. Location unknown but possibly traveling in Asia or Syrian-controlled areas of Lebanon. AFFILIATIONS Unknown. Has history of close relations with Palestinian terrorist groups based and operating outside Japan. May control or at least have ties to Anti-Imperialist International Brigade AIIB also may have links to Antiwar Democratic Front #8212 an overt leftist political organization #8212 inside Japan. COMMENTS The JRA is a break away from the Japanese Communist League-Red Army Faction. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO in 2000 it was removed from the FTO list on October 5 2001. LEBANON NAME ‘Asbat al-Ansar The Partisans’ League DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Early 1990s. GOALS Overthrow the Lebanese government and thwart anti-Islamic influences in Lebanon. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH About 300 fighters. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Primary base of operations is the ‘Ayn al-Hilwah Palestinian refugee camp in southern Lebanon. AFFILIATIONS Overseas Sunni extremist networks and Osama bin Laden’s al Qaeda. COMMENTS A Lebanon-based group composed mainly of Palestinians Asbat al-Ansar adheres to an extremist interpretation of Islam and justifies the use of violence against civilian targets. The group raised its profile in 2000 with a rocket-propelled grenade attack on the Russian Embassy in Beirut. It was designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO on March 27 2002. NAME Hezbollah Party of God a.k.a. Islamic Jihad Revolutionary Justice Organization Organization of the Oppressed on Earth and Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Unknown. GOALS Increasing its political power in Lebanon and opposing Israel and the Middle East peace negotiations. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Known or suspected to have been involved in numerous anti-U.S. terrorist attacks including the suicide truck bombing of the U.S. embassy and U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut in October 1983 and the U.S. embassy annex in Beirut in September 1984. STRENGTH Several thousand supporters and a few hundred terrorist operatives. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Operates in the Bekaa Valley the southern suburbs of Beirut and southern Lebanon. Has established cells in Europe Africa South America North America and Asia. AFFILIATIONS Receives substantial amounts of financial training weapons explosives political diplomatic and organizational aid from Iran and Syria. COMMENTS A radical Shia organization founded in Lebanon. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NORTHERN IRELAND NAME Continuity Irish Republican Army CIRA a.k.a. Continuity Army Council DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1994. GOALS The reunification of Ireland and to forcing British troops from Northern Ireland. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Fewer than 50 hard-core activists. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Northern Ireland Irish Republic. AFFILIATIONS Suspected of receiving funds and arms from sympathizers in the United States. May have acquired arms and materiel from the Balkans in cooperation with the Real IRA. COMMENTS A radical terrorist splinter group formed as the clandestine armed wing of the political organization Republican Sinn Fein RSF . RSF formed after the Irish Republican Army announced a cease-fire in September 1994. Targets include British military and Northern Ireland security targets and Northern Ireland Loyalist paramilitary groups. Also has launched bomb attacks against civilian targets in Northern Ireland. Does not have an established presence or capability to launch attacks on the U.K. mainland. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Irish Republican Army IRA a.k.a. Provisional Irish Republican Army PIRA the Provos DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1969. GOALS Removing British forces from Northern Ireland and unifying Ireland. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Several hundred members plus several thousand sympathizers. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Northern Ireland Irish Republic Great Britain Europe. AFFILIATIONS Has in the past received aid from a variety of groups and countries and considerable training and arms from Libya and the PLO. Is suspected of receiving funds arms and other terrorist-related materiel from sympathizers in the United States. Similarities in operations suggest links to the ETA. COMMENTS Terrorist group formed as the clandestine armed wing of Sinn Fein a legal political movement. Has a Marxist orientation. Organized into small tightly knit cells under the leadership of the Army Council. Despite of some members to the dissident splinter groups its numbers have remained steady. The IRA has been observing a cease-fire since July 1997 and previously observed a cease-fire from September 1994 to February 1996. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Loyalist Volunteer Force LVF DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1996. GOALS Prevent a political settlement with Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland by attacking Catholic politicians civilians and Protestant politicians who endorse the Northern Ireland peace process. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Approximately 150. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Ireland Northern Ireland. AFFILIATIONS None. COMMENTS Terrorist group formed as a faction of the mainstream loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force UVF the LVF did not emerge publicly until February 1997. Composed largely of UVF hardliners. Has been observing a cease-fire since May 1998. The LVF decommissioned a small but significant amount of weapons in December 1998 but it has not repeated this gesture and in fact threatened in 2000 to resume killing Catholics. In 2000 the LVF also engaged in a brief but violent feud with other loyalists in which several individuals were killed. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Orange Volunteers OV DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Late 1990s. GOALS Prevent a political settlement with Irish nationalists. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Up to 20 hard-core members some of whom are experienced in terrorist tactics and bomb making. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Northern Ireland. AFFILIATIONS None. COMMENTS Comprised largely of disgruntled loyalist hardliners who split from groups observing the cease-fire. The OV declared a cease-fire in September 2000 but the group maintains the ability to conduct bombings arson beatings and possibly robberies. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Real IRA RIRA a.k.a. True IRA DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE February-March 1998. GOALS Removing British forces from Northern Ireland and unifying Ireland. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH 150 to 200. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Northern Ireland Irish Republic Great Britain. AFFILIATIONS Possible limited support from IRA hardliners dissatisfied with the IRA cease-fire and other republican sympathizers. Suspected of receiving funds from sympathizers in the United States. RIRA also is thought to have purchased sophisticated weapons from the Balkans according to press reports. COMMENTS The clandestine armed wing of the 32-County Sovereignty Movement a quot political pressure group quot opposed to Sinn Fein's adoption of the Mitchell principles of democracy and nonviolence 1999 additions to the Irish Constitution which lay claim to Northern Ireland. Listed as quot active quot during 2000 it was designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO on October 5 2001. NAME Red Hand Defenders RHD DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Late 1990s. GOALS Prevent a political settlement with Irish nationalists by attacking Catholic civilian interests in Northern Ireland. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Up to 20 members. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Northern Ireland. AFFILIATIONS None. COMMENTS Extremist terrorist group composed largely of Protestant hardliners from other loyalist groups observing a cease-fire. RHD was quiet in 2000 following a damaging crackdown by security forces in late 1999. In prior years the group has carried out numerous pipe bombings and arson attacks against quot soft quot civilian targets such as homes churches and private businesses to cause outrage in the republican community and to provoke IRA retaliation. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. OCCUPIED TERRITORIES NAME Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 2000 GOALS Drive the Israeli military and people from the West Bank Gaza Strip and Jerusalem and establish a Palestinian state. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE At least five U.S. citizens have been killed in attacks but probably not because of their citizenship. The group mainly targets Israeli military personnel and civilians. STRENGTH Unknown. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Mainly in the West Bank but has also claimed responsibility for attacks inside Israel and the Gaza Strip. AFFILIATIONS Unknown. COMMENTS Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade is composed of cells of Fatah-affiliated activists that emerged with the onset of the intifadah in 2000. In January 2002 an al-Aqsa member became the first female suicide bomber in the intifadah. The group was designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO on March 27 2002. NAME Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine DFLP DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1969. GOALS Achieve Palestinian national goals through revolution of the masses. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH 500. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Syria Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied territories. AFFILIATIONS One of the two factions joined with other rejectionist groups to form the Alliances of Palestinian Forces APF but broke it off. Has made limited moves toward merging with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PFLP since the mid-1990s. Receives limited financial and military aid from Syria. COMMENTS Marxist-Leninist organization founded when it split from the PFLP. Opposed the Israel-PLO peace agreement. NAME HAMAS Islamic Resistance Movement DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1987. GOALS Establishing an Islamic Palestinian state in place of Israel. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Unknown. STRENGTH Unknown number of hard-core members tens of thousands of supporters and sympathizers. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Primarily the occupied territories Israel. In August 1999 Jordanian authorities closed the group's Political Bureau offices in Amman arrested its leaders and prohibited the group from operating on Jordanian territory. AFFILIATIONS Receives funding from Palestinian expatriates Iran and private benefactors in Saudi Arabia and other moderate Arab states. Some fundraising and propaganda activities take place in Western Europe and North America. COMMENTS Formed as an outgrowth of the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood. Various HAMAS elements have used both political and violent means including terrorism. Loosely structured with some elements working clandestinely and others working openly through mosques and social service institutions to recruit members raise money organize activities and distribute propaganda. Also has engaged in peaceful political activity such as running candidates in West Bank Chamber of Commerce elections. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME The Palestine Islamic Jihad PIJ DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1970s. GOALS The creation of an Islamic Palestinian state and the destruction of Israel through holy war. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Because of its strong support for Israel the United States has been identified as an enemy of the PIJ but the group has not specifically conducted attacks against U.S. interests in the past. In July 2000 however publicly threatened to attack U.S. interests if the U.S. Embassy is moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. STRENGTH Unknown. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Primarily Israel and the occupied territories and other parts of the Middle East including Jordan and Lebanon. Headquartered in Syria. AFFILIATIONS Receives financial assistance from Iran and limited logistic assistance from Syria. COMMENTS Originated among militant Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the 1970s. Also opposes moderate Arab governments that it believes have been tainted by Western secularism. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. PAKISTAN NAME Harakat ul-Ansar HUA DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE October 1993. GOALS Oppose Indian troops in Kashmir. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE U.S. nationals were kidnapped in New Delhi in 1994 in effort to secure the release of imprisoned HUA leader Maulana Masood Azhar. STRENGTH Several thousand armed supporters OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Based in Pakistan but operates mainly in Kashmir. AFFILIATIONS Collects funds from supporters in Saudi Arabia and other Gulf and Islamic states and from Pakistanis and Kashmiris. Has been linked to the Kashmiri militant group Al-Faran. See quot Army of Muhammad JEM . quot NAME Harakat ul-Mujahidin HUM DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Early 1990s. GOALS Unite Kashmir with Pakistan. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None although new leader Farooq Kashmiri. Khalil who took control of HUM in February 2000 has been linked to Bin Ladin and signed his fatwah in February 1998 calling for attacks on U.S. and Western interests. STRENGTH Several thousand armed supporters. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Based in Muzaffarabad Rawalpindi and several other towns in Pakistan and Afghanistan but members conduct insurgent and terrorist activities primarily in Kashmir. The HUM trains its militants in Afghanistan and Pakistan. AFFILIATIONS Collects donations from Saudi Arabia and other Gulf and Islamic states and from Pakistanis and Kashmiris. The sources and amount of HUM's military funding are unknown. Leadership has been linked to Osama Bin Ladin. COMMENTS Formerly known as the Harakat al-Ansar the HUM is an Islamic militant group based in Pakistan that operates primarily in Kashmir. Supporters are mostly Pakistanis and Kashmiris and also include Afghans and Arab veterans of the Afghan war. Uses light and heavy machineguns assault rifles mortars explosives and rockets. HUM lost some of its membership in defections to the Jaish-e-Mohammed JEM . Continues to operate terrorist training camps in eastern Afghanistan. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Jaish-e-Mohammed JEM Army of Mohammed DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE February 2000. GOALS Unite Kashmir with Pakistan. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. JEM's leader Maulana Masood Azhar is a former leader of Harakat ul-Ansar HUA and was imprisoned until 1999 when he was released in a hostage exchange. U.S. nationals were kidnapped in New Delhi in 1994 in an earlier HUA effort to secure his release. STRENGTH Several hundred armed supporters. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Based in Peshawar and Muzaffarabad but members conduct terrorist activities primarily in Kashmir. The JEM maintains training camps in Afghanistan. AFFILIATIONS Most of the JEM's cadre and material resources have been drawn from the militant groups Harakat ul-Jihad al-Islami HUJI and the Harakat ul-Mujahidin HUM . The JEM has close ties to Afghan Arabs and the Taliban. Osama Bin Laden is suspected of giving funding to the JEM. COMMENTS The JEM is an Islamist group based in Pakistan that has rapidly expanded in size and capability. Supporters are mostly Pakistanis and Kashmiris and also include Afghans and Arab veterans of the Afghan war. Uses light and heavy machineguns assault rifles mortars improvised explosive devices and rocket grenades. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Lashkar-e-Tayyiba LT Army of the Righteous DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1989. GOALS Unite Kashmir with Pakistan. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Several hundred members. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Based in Muridke near Lahore and Muzaffarabad. The LT trains its militants in mobile training camps across Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Afghanistan. AFFILIATIONS Collects donations from the Pakistani community in the Persian Gulf and United Kingdom Islamic NGOs and Pakistani and Kashmiri businessmen. The amount of LT funding is unknown. The LT maintains ties to religious/military groups around the world ranging from the Philippines to the Middle East and Chechnya through the MDI fraternal network. COMMENTS The LT is the armed wing of the Pakistan-based religious organization Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad MDI #8212 a Sunni anti-U.S. missionary organization. One of the three largest and best-trained groups fighting in Kashmir against India it is not connected to a political party. The group has conducted a number of operations against Indian troops and civilian targets in Kashmir since 1993. Almost all LT cadres are foreigners #8212 mostly Pakistanis from seminaries across the country and Afghan veterans of the Afghan wars. Uses assault rifles light and heavy machineguns mortars explosives and rocket propelled grenades. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. PERU NAME Sendero Luminoso Shining Path DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Late 1960s. GOALS Destroy existing Peruvian institutions and replace them with a Communist peasant revolutionary regime. Oppose any influence by foreign governments as well as by other Latin American guerrilla groups especially the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement MRTA . MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Attempted to car-bomb the U.S. embassy in Peru in 1990. STRENGTH 100-200 armed militants. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Peru with most activity in rural areas. AFFILIATIONS None. COMMENTS In the 1980s SL became one of the most ruthless terrorist groups in the Western Hemisphere #8212 approximately 30 000 persons have died since SL took up arms in 1980. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement MRTA DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1983. GOALS Establish a Marxist regime and rid Peru of all imperialist elements primarily U.S. and Japanese influence . MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH No more than 100. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Peru with supporters throughout Latin America and Western Europe. Controls no territory. AFFILIATIONS None. COMMENTS Previously conducted bombings kidnappings ambushes and assassinations but recent activity has fallen drastically. Peru's counter-terrorist program has diminished the group's ability to carry out terrorist attacks. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO in 2000 it was removed from the FTO list on October 5 2001. PHILLIPPINES NAME Abu Sayyaf Group ASG DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1991. GOALS Promote an independent Islamic state in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago areas in the southern Philippines heavily populated by Muslims. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Kidnapped more than 30 foreigners including a U.S. citizen in 2000. STRENGTH 200 core fighters and more than 2 000 supporters. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Mainly southern Philippines with members occasionally traveling to Manila. Operated in Malaysia in 2000. AFFILIATIONS Probably receives support from Islamic extremists in the Middle East and South Asia. Some have ties to Mujahidin in Afghanistan. COMMENTS Smallest and most radical of the Islamic separatist groups operating in the southern Philippines. The group split from the Moro National Liberation Front in 1991. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Alex Boncayao Brigade ABB DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Mid-1980s. GOALS A breakaway urban hit squad of the Communist Party of the Philippines New People's Army. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Suspected involved in the murder in 1989 of U.S. Army Col. James Rowe in the Philippines. STRENGTH 500. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Manila and central Philippines. AFFILIATIONS Formed an alliance with the Revolutionary Proletarian Army in 1997. COMMENTS Breakaway urban hit squad of the Communist Party of the Philippines New People's Army. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME New People's Army NPA DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1969. GOALS Overthrow the government of the Philippines through protracted guerrilla warfare. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Opposes any U.S. military presence in the Philippines and attacked U.S. military interests before the U.S. base closures in 1992. Press reports in 1999 indicated that the NPA would target U.S. troops participating in joint military exercises under the Visiting Forces Agreement and U.S. embassy personnel. STRENGTH 6 000-8 000. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Rural Luzon Visayas and parts of Mindanao. Has cells in Manila and other metropolitan centers. AFFILIATIONS Derives most of its funding from contributions of supporters and so-called revolutionary taxes extorted from local businesses. COMMENTS The military wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines CPP . Although primarily a rural-based guerrilla group the NPA has an active urban infrastructure to conduct terrorism and uses city-based assassination squads called sparrow units. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. RWANDA NAME Army for the Liberation of Rwanda ALIR a.k.a. Interahamwe Former Armed Forces ex-FAR DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1994. GOALS Topple Rwanda's Tutsi-dominated government reinstitute Hutu control and possibly complete the genocide begun in 1994. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE In 1996 a message #8212 allegedly from the ALIR #8212 threatened to kill the U.S. Ambassador to Rwanda and other U.S. citizens. In 1999 ALIR guerrillas critical of alleged U.S.-U.K. support for the Rwandan regime kidnapped and killed eight foreign tourists including two U.S. citizens at the Congo-Uganda border. STRENGTH Several thousand. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Mostly Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda but a few may operate in Burundi. AFFILIATIONS In the Congolese war the ALIR is allied with Kinshasa against the Rwandan invaders. From the Rwandan invasion of 1998 until his death in early 2001 the Laurent Kabila regime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo provided the ALIR with training arms and supplies. COMMENTS The FAR was the army of the Rwandan Hutu regime that carried out the genocide of 500 000 or more Tutsis and regime opponents in 1994. The Interahamwe was the civilian militia force that carried out much of the killing. The groups merged after they were forced from Rwanda into the Democratic Republic of the Congo then-Zaire in 1994. They are now often known as the Army for the Liberation of Rwanda ALIR which is the armed branch of the PALIR or Party for the Liberation of Rwanda. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. SIERRA LEONE NAME Revolutionary United Front RUF DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Unknown. GOALS Topple the current government of Sierra Leone and retain control of the lucrative diamond-producing regions of the country. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None directly but held hundreds of UN peacekeepers hostage in 2000. STRENGTH Several thousand fighters and possibly a similar number of supporters and sympathizers. OPERATIONA LOCATIONS Sierra Leone Liberia Guinea. AFFILIATIONS President Charles Taylor of Liberia reportedly provides support and leadership to the RUF. The United Nations has identified Libya Gambia and Burkina Faso as conduits for weapons and other materiel for the RUF. COMMENTS NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. SOUTH AFRICA NAME Qibla and People Against Gangsterism and Drugs PAGAD DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Qibla 1980s PAGAD 1996. GOALS Qibla Establish an Islamic state in South Africa PAGAD Fight drug lords in Cape Town. The two groups share anti-Western stance as well as some members and leadership and promote greater political voice for South African Muslims. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Qibla protests U.S. policies toward the Muslim world through its radio station 786. PAGAD is suspected of conducting hundreds of bombings and other violent actions. STRENGTH Qibla 250 PAGAD at least 50 gunmen and larger than Qibla. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Cape Town South Africa. AFFILIATIONS Probably have ties to Islamic extremists in the Middle East. COMMENTS Often uses names such as Muslims Against Global Oppression MAGO and Muslims Against Illegitimate Leaders MAIL when launching anti-Western campaigns. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. SPAIN NAME Basque Fatherland and Liberty ETA a.k.a. Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1959. GOALS Esblish an independent homeland based on Marxist principles in the northern Spanish provinces of Vizcaya Guipuzcoa Alava and Navarra and the southwestern French departments of Labourd Basse-Navarra and Soule. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Unknown may have hundreds of members plus supporters. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Operates primarily in the Basque autonomous regions of northern Spain and southwestern France but also has bombed Spanish and French interests elsewhere. AFFILIATIONS Has received training at various times in the past in Libya Lebanon and Nicaragua. Some ETA members allegedly have received sanctuary in Cuba while others reside in South America. Also appears to have ties to the Irish Republican Army through the two groups' legal political wings. COMMENTS Primarily bombings and assassinations of Spanish government officials especially security and military forces politicians and judicial figures. ETA finances its activities through kidnappings robberies and extortion. The group has killed more than 800 persons since it began lethal attacks in the early 1960s. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME First of October Antifascist Resistance Group GRAPO Grupo de Resistencia Anti-Fascista Premero de Octubre. DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1975. GOALS Overthrow of the Spanish government and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE GRAPO is vehemently anti-U.S. calls for the removal of all U.S. military forces from Spanish territory and has conducted and attempted several attacks against U.S. targets since 1977. STRENGTH Unknown but likely fewer than a dozen hard-core activists. Numerous GRAPO members also currently are in Spanish prisons. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Spain. AFFILIATIONS None. COMMENTS Armed wing of the illegal Communist Party of Spain of the Franco era. Advocating the NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO but listed as quot active quot during 2000. SRI LANKA NAME Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam LTTE Other known front organizations World Tamil Association WTA World Tamil Movement WTM the Federation of Associations of Canadian Tamils FACT the Ellalan Force the Sangilian Force. DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1976. GOALS Establish an independent Tamil state. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH 8 000 to 10 000 armed combatants in Sri Lanka with a core of trained fighters of approximately 3 000 to 6 000. Has significant overseas support structure for fundraising weapons procurement and propaganda activities. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Sri Lanka. AFFILIATIONS Lobbies foreign governments and the UN. Uses its international contacts to procure weapons communications and any other equipment and supplies it needs. Exploits large Tamil communities in North America Europe and Asia to obtain funds and supplies for its fighters in Sri Lanka. COMMENTS A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. SYRIA NAME Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PFLP DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1967. GOALS Oppose current negotiations with Israel. Promote national unity and the reinvigoration of the PLO. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH 800. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Syria Lebanon Israel and the occupied territories. AFFILIATIONS Receives safe haven and some logistic assistance from Syria. COMMENTS Joined the Alliance of Palestinian Forces APF to and suspended participation in the PLO. Broke away from the APF along with the DFLP in 1996 over ideological differences. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command PFLP-GC GOALS Oppose Arafat's PLO. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH Several hundred. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Europe Middle East southern Lebanon Israel West Bank and Gaza Strip. Headquartered in Damascus with bases in Lebanon. AFFILIATIONS Receives logistic and military support from Syria and financial support from Iran. COMMENTS Known for cross-border terrorist attacks into Israel using unusual means. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. TURKEY NAME Kurdistan Workers' Party PKK DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1974. GOALS Establish an independent Kurdish state in southeastern Turkey where the population is predominantly Kurdish. Improve rights for Kurds in Turkey. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE None. STRENGTH 4 000 to 5 000 with thousands of sympathizers in Turkey and Europe. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Turkey Europe and the Middle East. AFFILIATIONS Has received safe haven and modest aid from Syria Iraq and Iran. The Syrian government expelled PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan and known elements of the group from its territory in October 1998. COMMENTS In the early 1990s the PKK moved beyond rural-based insurgent activities to include urban terrorism. The group now claims it would use only political means to achieve its goals. A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. NAME Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front DHKP/C a.k.a. Devrimci Sol Revolutionary Left Dev Sol DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE 1978. GOALS Uphold Marxist ideology and demonstrate its anti-U.S. and anti-NATO stance. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Assassinated two U.S. military contractors and wounded a U.S. Air Force officer to protest the Gulf war. Launched rockets at U.S. Consulate in Istanbul in 1992. Turkish authorities thwarted DHKP/C attempt in June 1999 to fire light antitank weapon at U.S. Consulate in Istanbul. STRENGTH Unknown. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Turkey primarily in Istanbul Ankara Izmir and Adana. Raises funds in Western Europe. AFFILIATIONS Unknown. COMMENTS A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. UNITED STATES NAME Jamaat ul-Fuqra DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Early 1980s. GOALS Purify Islam through violence. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Assassinations and fire-bombings across the United States in the 1980s. Members in the United States have been convicted of criminal violations including murder and fraud. STRENGTH Unknown. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS North America Pakistan. AFFILIATIONS None. COMMENTS Members have purchased isolated rural compounds in North America to live communally practice their faith and insulate themselves from Western culture. UZBEKISTAN NAME Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IMU DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE Unknown.. GOALS Oppose Uzbekistani President Islom Karimov's secular regime and establish an Islamic state in Uzbekistan. MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE Took hostages on several occasions in 1999 and 2000 including four U.S. citizens. The group's propaganda includes anti-Western and anti-Israeli rhetoric. STRENGTH Militants probably number in the thousands. OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS Militants based in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Area of operation includes Uzbekistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan. AFFILIATIONS Other Islamic extremist groups in Central and South Asia. COMMENTS A U.S. Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization FTO listed as quot active quot during 2000. Compiled by Christopher Hellman CDI Senior Analyst chellman@cdi.org Reyko Huang CDI Research Analyst Printer-Friendly Version BACK TO THE TOP TERRORISM PROJECT HOME LINKS CDI HOME CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION 1779 Massachusetts Ave NW Washington DC 20036-2109 Ph 202 332-0600 · Fax 202 462-4559 info@cdi.org Is the food you eat being grown in industrial and human sewage sludge Visit our toxic sludge information center to find out more about the industry's PR campaign to pass off sewage sludge-based garden and farming products as "organic" or "compost " and learn what you can do about it through the Food Rights Network. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States From SourceWatch Jump to navigation search The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States otherwise known as the 9-11 Commission is an "independent bipartisan commission created by congressional legislation and the signature of President George W. Bush in late 2002 chartered to prepare for the President and Congress a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks. The Commission is also mandated to provide recommendations designed to guard against future attacks." 1 Some Commission Members Called as Witnesses The commission was chaired by Thomas H. Kean the former Governor of New Jersey. Interestingly some of the commission members were also called by the Commission as witnesses ..." and other Bush administration officials raise serious questions about the objectivity of the commission." 2 Jamie S. Gorelick who served in the William Jefferson Clinton Justice Department Philip D. Zelikow Commission Executive Director gave "testimony about national security issues before the commission." Zelikow's ties to George W. Bush's national security advisor Condoleezza Rice Contents 1 Background and History 2 Public Hearings 3 Reports 4 Commission Members 5 Commission Staff 6 Contact Information 7 Related SourceWatch Resources 8 External links 8.1 General 8.2 Articles amp Commmentary 8.2.1 2001 8.2.2 2003 8.2.3 2004 8.2.4 2006 Background and History The Bush Administration initially resisted the formation of the Commission and subsequently obstructed and impeded its progress. 3 Ultimately more money was spent investigating Clinton than investigating the 9-11 attacks. Public Hearings Archived video from all the public hearings starting March 31 2003 are available from C-SPAN Links to transcripts and articles related to the 8th public hearing on March 23-24 2004 can be accessed at National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States Testimony National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States Testimony External Links and subsequently regarding the specific questioning of Dr. Condolleezza Rice National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States Testimony Condoleezza Rice . Reports The Commission's Final Report was issued on Thursday July 22 2004. Commission Members Thomas H. Kean Chairman Lee H. Hamilton Vice Chairman Richard Ben-Veniste Max Cleland replaced by Bob Kerrey in December 2003 Fred F. Fielding Jamie S. Gorelick Slade Gorton John F. Lehman Timothy J. Roemer James R. Thompson Commission Staff Philip D. Zelikow Executive Director Chris Kojm Deputy Executive Director Daniel Marcus General Counsel Contact Information Al Felzenberg Communications Director National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States Office 202-401-1725 Cell 202-236-4878 Fax 202-296-5545 afelzenberg at 9-11commission.gov National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States 301 7th Street SW Room 5125 Washington DC 20407 Washington Office Tel 202 331-4060 Fax 202 296-5545 info at 9-11Commission.gov New York Office Tel 212 264-1505 Fax 212 264-1595 info at 9-11Commission.gov Related SourceWatch Resources 9/11 Report Critique 9-11 Truth Movement Bush administration homeland security Bush administration leaks Bush administration scandals Congressional Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11 2001 executive privilege Hart-Rudman Task Force on Homeland Security Homeland defense Homeland security Henry Kissinger Just Four Moms from New Jersey Richard A. Clarke U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century / Hart-Rudman Commission External links General 9-11 Attacks and Cover-up Crisis Papers . Extensive links to emerging news reports and articles. Articles amp Commmentary 2001 David Ensor Transcript CNN January 16 2001. Scroll down 4/5 of page to beginning " Osama bin Laden has been a persistent thorn in the side of the Clinton administration but it may now fall to Mr. Bush to decide how to respond if as appears likely the evidence becomes persuasive that bin Laden's group bombed the USS Cole in Yemen. ..." Credit to Counterspin Central for finding this transcript. 2003 Laura Blumenfeld "Former Aide Takes Aim at War on Terror " Washington Post June 16 2003 "'The administration wasn't matching its deeds to its words in the war on terrorism . They're making us less secure not more secure ' said Rand Beers who until now has remained largely silent about leaving his National Security Council job as special assistant to the president for combating terrorism. 'As an insider I saw the things that weren't being done. And the longer I sat and watched the more concerned I became until I got up and walked out.'" Jason Vest "Why Warnings Fell on Deaf Ears " The American Prospect June 17 2003 "For the Bush administration the Cold War never ended so al Qaeda had to get in line behind more serious enemies. ... What did the president know and when did he know it Following revelations that the White House had reason to suspect an imminent al-Qaeda attack last year even The New York Times has noted that the perennial post- Watergate question seems entirely appropriate. Nor should it be put exclusively to President Bush In most countries the directors of the internal and external security services would have resigned by now. ... Proponents of such blinkered defense priorities Andrew Marshall 's Office of Net Assessment at the Pentagon the Rumsfeld Commissions on ballistic missiles and space and Frank Gaffney 's private defense contractor -funded Center for Security Policy come to mind have produced a steady stream of reports based on dubious methodology." David Corn "The 9/11 Investigation a Roadmap to Nowhere " The Nation Utne July 2 2003. Laurence Arnold "Sept. 11 Panel Chief Clarifies Remarks " Associated Press The Agonist September 19 2003 "The chairman of a federal commission looking into the Sept. 11 attacks said Thursday that mistakes over many years left the United States vulnerable to such an attack but he resisted pinning blame on either of the last two presidential teams." Philip Shenon "9/11 Commission Could Subpoena Oval Office Files " New York Times Common Dreams October 26 2003. Suzanne Goldenberg "9/11 inquiry may subpoena White House " Guardian Unlimited UK October 27 2003. Laurence Arnold "Bush Asserts He's Helping 9-11 Commission " Associated Press NewsMax October 27 2003 "President Bush said Monday his staff is cooperating with an independent commission investigating the Sept. 11 attacks but he stopped short of saying whether the White House would hand over top-level papers that may be subpoenaed. ... 'Those are very sensitive documents ' Bush said adding that White House counsel Alberto R. Gonzales was working with Thomas Kean chairman of the commission on this issue." Op-Ed "Facing the Truth of Sept. 11 " New York Times October 29 2003 "The commission investigating the government's failures before the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks is in danger of becoming a study in recalcitrance by the Bush administration. The independent commission's mandate is to supply a definitive account of the government's handling of the terrorist plot that killed almost 3 000 people. But the White House continues to fence with requests for classified documents crucial to the inquiry. ... The commission chairman former Gov. Thomas Kean of New Jersey a Republican is threatening to subpoena the administration for documents that officials should forthrightly turn over. Among the key questions is the nature of an intelligence report to President Bush a month before the attacks only sketchily confirmed thus far by the White House that Al Qaeda might try to hijack passenger airplanes. ... How can an unstinting investigation of the truth of Sept. 11 not be of paramount concern to any official sworn to protect the public The approaching presidential election makes the administration's evasions even more suspect. Failure to document and face the truth will only feed conspiracy theories and undermine the nation's chances of weathering future threats." Laurence Arnold "9-11 Panel Votes to Subpoena Pentagon " Associated Press APFN.net November 7 2003 The Commission "voted Friday to subpoena the Pentagon for documents related to the activities of U.S. air defenses on the day of the terrorist hijackings. ... The independent commission said it was 'especially dismayed' by incomplete document production on the part of the North American Aerospace Defense Command or NORAD the part of the Defense Department responsible for protecting North American airspace." 21 "Sept 11 Commission to Subpoena NY City for Tapes " Reuters AlertNet November 21 2003 "...it had voted to demand the material 'crucial to its investigation that the city has failed to produce in response to a document request issued more than four months ago.' ... A city spokesman said handing over the material would violate the privacy of the victims and emergency responders." Op-Ed "Stonewalling the 9/11 Commission" abstract New York Times November 23 2003 "...there is a key figure stubbornly refusing to hand over important data Mayor Michael Bloomberg ." Randall Pinkston 17 "9/11 Chair Attack Was Preventable " CBS News December 17 2003 "For the first time the chairman of the independent commission investigating the Sept. 11 attacks is saying publicly that 9/11 could have and should have been prevented." Eric Boehlert "What did Bush know and when did he know it 9/11 Commission chairman Thomas Kean's suggestion that the administration could have prevented the terror attacks may signal a new aggressive approach " Salon December 19 2003. W. David Kubiak "Daschle PNACkles 'Commission Incredible'. Top Dem Mis-Kerrey's National 9/11 Probe " Houston Indymedia December 20 2003 "December 9th two days after the 52nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor the National 9/11 Commission itself was hit without warning by Tom Daschle 's bombshell appointment of Iraq hawk Bob Kerrey to replace Max Cleland." Timothy J. Burger "Condi and the 9/11 Commission. National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice is apparently not keen on going under oath for the Kean 9/11 commission " TIME Online December 23 2003 "Two government sources tell TIME that National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice is arguing over ground rules for her appearance in part because she does not want to testify under oath or according to one source in public. While national security advisers are presidential staff and generally don't have to appear before Congress the commission argues that its jurisdiction is broader and it's been requiring fact witnesses in its massive investigation to testify under oath. The exception it may not seek to swear in President George W. Bush Vice President Dick Cheney Bill Clinton or Al Gore in the increasingly likely event they will be asked to speak to the commission." Op-Ed "Terrorism and Liberty " New York Times The Freedom of Information Center December 23 2003 "After four years of work a federal commission on terrorism issued its final report last week. The report was unremarkable except for one recommendation that shone brightly through the usual thicket of bureaucratic prose. Aggressive antiterrorism policies the report suggested when combined with increasingly sophisticated surveillance technologies could have a 'chilling effect' on the right to privacy and other fundamental civil liberties. To prevent that from happening the commission recommended that the White House establish a bipartisan panel to review how constitutional guarantees would be affected by all new laws and regulations aimed at enhancing national security." 2004 James Gordon Meek "9/11 panelists eye Bush Bill " New York Daily News January 12 2004 "The federal 9/11 commission has formally decided to ask President Bush and former President Bill Clinton to meet with the panel and to extend its investigation by several months. ... Vice President Cheney and former Clinton veep Al Gore also would be called ..." Dan Eggen "9/11 Panel Unlikely to Get Later Deadline. Hearings Being Scaled Back to Finish Work by May Top Officials Expected to Testify " Washington Post January 19 2004. Philip Shenon "9/11 Panel Threatens to Issue Subpoena for Bush's Briefings " New York Times Common Dreams February 10 2004 "Members of the independent commission investigating the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks warned the White House on Monday that it could face a politically damaging subpoena this week if it refused to turn over information from the highly classified Oval Office intelligence reports given to President Bush before 9/11." Gail Sheehy "Stewardess ID'd Hijackers Early Transcripts Show " The New York Observer APFN.net February 12 2004. David Sirota et al. "Sunday Show Stonewall " Center for American Progress March 15 2004 "On the one year anniversary of the Iraq invasion the Bush Administration deployed Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld Secretary of State Colin Powell and National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice to the Sunday talk shows to defend their eroding credibility on the Iraq war. The trio refuses to admit any mistakes were made." Philip Shenon "Clinton Aides Plan to Tell Panel of Warning Bush Team on Qaeda " New York Times March 20 2004 "... delivered in urgent post-election intelligence briefings in December 2000 and January 2001 for Condoleezza Rice who became Mr. Bush's national security adviser Stephen Hadley now Ms. Rice's deputy and Philip D. Zelikow a member of the Bush transition team and now Executive Director of the 9-11 Commission staff among others. ... One official scheduled to testify Richard A. Clarke who was President Bill Clinton's counterterrorism coordinator said in an interview that the warning about the Qaeda threat could not have been made more bluntly to the incoming Bush officials in intelligence briefings that he led." Scot J. Paltrow "Government Accounts of 9/11 Reveal Gaps Inconsistencies. Questions Arise About Who Put Nation on High Alert A Threat to Air Force One Panel Assembles Timeline " Wall Street Journal The Smirking Chimp March 22 2004. Condoleezza Rice "9/11 For The Record " Washington Times March 22 2004 "Despite what some have suggested we received no intelligence that terrorists were preparing to attack the homeland using airplanes as missiles though some analysts speculated that terrorists might hijack airplanes to try to free U.S.-held terrorists." Also see "Promoting Icon Condi" in the August 4 2003 Daily Howler . Philip Shenon and David E. Sanger "Bush Aides Block Clinton's Papers From 9/11 Panel " New York Times April 2 2004. Adam Entous "Cheney Won't Back Down on Saddam-Qaeda Links-Aides " Reuters The Agonist June 17 2004 In June 2004 the Commission stated that "we have no credible evidence that Iraq and al Qaeda cooperated on attacks against the United States". The assessment was one rejected by the Bush Administration. "The administration's statements rest on a solid foundation of history and facts. The record of links between Iraq and al Qaeda is clear to anyone who has open eyes and an open mind " a White House official said. Also see Just Four Moms from New Jersey for background on establishment and progress of the Commission. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States Final Report released March 31 2005. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States Media Accountability for the media's failure "to expose the inaccuracy of official claims during the run-up to the Iraq war." 4 2006 Michael Bronner "9/11 Live The NORAD Tapes " Vanity Fair August 1 2006. Dan Eggen "9/11 Panel Suspected Deception by Pentagon. Allegations Brought to Inspectors General " Washington Post August 2 2006. 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All inquiries regarding rights or concerns about this content should be directed to Customer Support . Terrorist Organization List United States The United States Secretary of State formally designates "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" FTO that threaten United States interests. Within the Department of State the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism is assigned the primary responsibility for monitoring available intelligence and public news accounts of terrorist activities so that they may advise the Secretary on decisions related to terrorism-related designations. The designation process in part focuses on groups who have recently engaged in terrorist attacks. Although designations can be modified at any time i.e. groups can be added or deleted from the list by the Secretary of State designations normally expire in two years unless renewed. Changes in the list require a formal hellip Read this entire article and millions more with a FREE 7-day trial Get your FREE 7-day trial Publication Finder ndash New Browse back issues from our extensive library of more than 6 500 trusted publications. Related articles on HighBeam Research RUSSIA U.S. COUNTERTERRORISM OFFICIAL TOUCHES ON CHECHNYA. J. Cofer... RUSSIA U.S. COUNTERTERRORISM OFFICIAL TOUCHES ON CHECHNYA. J. Cofer Black United States Department of State terrorist organizations Brief Article IPR Strategic Business Information Database December 15 2003 285 words Asked by "Izvestiya" why three Chechen groups that the United States designated as terrorist organizations in February are not among the groups currently included on the list of designated foreign terrorist organizations found on the U.S. State Department's website Black answered that the hellip AJCongress praises court decision banning terrorist organizations from... AJCongress praises court decision banning terrorist organizations from operating in the United States. American Jewish Congress PR Newswire December 2 1987 468 words AJCONGRESS PRAISES COURT DECISION BANNING TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS FROM OPERATING IN THE UNITED STATESANIZATIONS WASHINGTON Dec. 2 /PRNewswire/ Phil Baum associate executive director of the American Jewish Congress issued the following comment on today's decision in Palestine Information hellip Pakistan Groups Called Terrorist Organizations Powell Names 2 in Formal... Pakistan Groups Called Terrorist Organizations Powell Names 2 in Formal Declaration The Washington Post December 27 2001 Peter Slevin 700+ words Secretary of State Colin L. Powell formally designated two militant Pakistani groups as terrorist organizations yesterday as the United States continued to pressure the government of Gen. Pervez Musharraf to dismantle the groups suspected in a deadly Dec. 13 raid on India's parliament. With the hellip DETAINEE PLEADS GUILTY TO SUPPORTING TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS. DETAINEE PLEADS GUILTY TO SUPPORTING TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS. States News Service February 15 2011 700+ words NAVAL STATION GUANTANAMO BAY Cuba The following information was released by the Department of Defense American Forces Press Service Accused terrorist training camp instructor Noor Uthman Muhammed pleaded guilty here today to charges of supporting and conspiring with international terrorist hellip Bush administration links drug traffic to global terrorist organizations Bush administration links drug traffic to global terrorist organizations Narcotics Enforcement amp Prevention Digest June 17 2003 Anonymous 516 words The Bush administration claims 39 percent of terrorist organizations it has identified have links to global trafficking in illegal narcotics. Before the Sept. 11 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States the federal government made a distinction between terrorist organizations and drug hellip See all related articles raquo Popular publications ndash New on HighBeam Research Crain's New York Business Management magazines Chicago Sun-Times Illinois newspapers Daily Mail London U.K. newspapers M2 Presswire International newswires The Boston Globe Boston MA Massachusettes newspapers HighBeam reg Research a part of The Gale Group Inc. copy Copyright 2011. All rights reserved. Home About us Customer support Group subscriptions Advertising Partnerships Privacy policy Terms and conditions The HighBeam advertising network includes Firearms the on were /wp-dyn/content/graphic/2009/06/12/GR2009061200051.html · the symptomatic charged. 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